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A groundbreaking investigation of the brain’s hidden logic behind our strangest behaviors, and of how conscious and unconscious systems interact in order to create our experience and preserve our sense of self.
From bizarre dreams and hallucinations to schizophrenia and multiple personalities, the human brain is responsible for a diverse spectrum of strange thoughts and behaviors. When observed from the outside, these phenomena are often written off as being just “crazy,” but what if they were actually planned and logical?
NeuroLogic explores the brain’s internal system of reasoning, from its unconscious depths to conscious decision making, and illuminates how it explains our most outlandish as well as our most stereotyped behaviors. From sleepwalking murderers, contagious yawning, and the brains of sports fans to false memories, subliminal messages, and the secret of ticklishness, Dr. Eliezer Sternberg shows that there are patterns to the way the brain interprets the world—–patterns that fit the brain’s unique logic. Unraveling these patterns and the various ways they can be disturbed will not only alter our view of mental illness and supernatural experience, but will also shed light on the hidden parts of ourselves.
(With black-and-white illustrations throughout.)
- Sales Rank: #110501 in Books
- Published on: 2016-01-12
- Released on: 2016-01-12
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.48" h x 1.08" w x 6.48" l, 1.54 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 320 pages
Review
“Sternberg is not content to remain within the cozy confines of his medical specialty. That’s revealing, not just of his prodigious intellect but also because, as he refuses to be just another neurologist, the subject of his inquiry also refuses to be just another organ....[an] audacious, wise and compelling book.” —Marianne Szegedy-Maszak, The Washington Post
“A research-rich study of the neurological circuitry behind the narratives we use to make sense of things. Sternberg cracks open the brain’s “black box” to examine its parallel conscious and unconscious systems, and explores states from dreaming and acts on ‘autopilot’ to memory, hallucinations and trauma.” —Nature
“An enchanting journey . . . the author writes with brio and dash . . . of the brain’s ability to draw the story of our life, from experience and from thin air.” —Kirkus Reviews
“Eliezer J. Sternberg’s NeuroLogic is an eye-opener, an entertaining, yet thought-provoking investigation of how our brains work—including why we do some of the strange things we do. Sternberg pries open our minds to expose the way our brain operates, providing insight into topics ranging from our perceptions and habits, to hypnosis, language, and learning. Neurologic expertly guides the reader through the unconscious logic of the human brain. I came away from this book with an enhanced sense of who I am as a person.” —Leonard Mlodinow, author of Subliminal
“In NeuroLogic, Sternberg takes us on a fascinating exploration of the impulses and quirks that make us human. An innovative, engaging look inside the black box that is the mind.” —Maria Konnikova, author of Mastermind: How to Think Like Sherlock Holmes
“Dr. Sternberg's enthusiasm for neuroscience bursts out of every page. In clear language he tackles a series of fascinating neurological curiosities that are windows into the wonder of the brain.” —Dr. Sally Satel, author of Brainwashed: The Seductive Appeal of Mindless Neuroscience
“Neurologic is an exciting adventure, bringing the most fascinating mysteries of the mind to a very human level. It is a deeply engaging, thought-provoking, and fun read. Sternberg reaches a new level of popular neuroscience literature in the footsteps of Oliver Sacks but with fresh, novel appeal.” —Hal Blumenfeld, MD, PhD, author of Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases
“With his explanation of the hidden logic behind the brain’s quirks, Eliezer Sternberg establishes himself as a fresh new voice for neuroscience.” —Sebastian Seung, author of Connectome
“Each chapter in Sternberg’s book reads like a detective novel. His passion for neurology shines through every page. Unlike many brain books, it is encyclopedic in range and scholarly in content, yet highly readable. It is also a valuable antidote to the ‘ neuron envy’ syndrome that many philosophers and psychologists suffer from.” —VS Ramachandran, author of The Tell-Tale Brain
“The more we learn about the brain the more illogical it seems we are, until you look inside our skulls and examine the brain from an inside perspective, at which point a certain neuro-logic emerges. Eliezer Sternberg’s brilliant examination of the human mind reveals the many reasons for our many seemingly unreasonable beliefs and actions. If you want to know why people think and act as they do in such irrational ways, NeuroLogic is the first book you should turn to for some rational answers.” —Michael Shermer, author of The Believing Brain
About the Author
ELIEZER J. STERNBERG, M.D., is a resident neurologist at Yale–New Haven Hospital. With a background in neuroscience and philosophy, he studies how brain research can shed light on the mysteries of conscious-ness and decision making. He is the author of Are You a Machine? and My Brain Made Me Do It.
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
Introduction
Our Unconscious Logic
Walter had been acting strangely. When friends or family visited, he ignored them unless they spoke directly to him. Until they uttered a sound, it was as if they weren’t even there. While walking around his living room, Walter stepped right into his coffee table, then into the wall. He missed widely when reaching for a cup of coffee and knocked over a vase instead. At age fifty-five, Walter was having problems with his vision, yet, inexplicably, he said there was nothing wrong with his eyesight. But why, Walter’s family wondered, would he deny it? Why wouldn’t he seek out help? Confused, they pressed him to go see a neurologist. Walter reluctantly agreed. When he arrived, Walter had the following exchange with his doctor:
NEUROLOGIST: How are you?
WALTER: Fine.
NEUROLOGIST: Anything wrong with you?
WALTER: No. Everything’s perfect.
NEUROLOGIST: Anything wrong with your vision?
WALTER: No. Works fine.
NEUROLOGIST (showing a pen): Then can you tell me what this is?
WALTER: Doc, it’s so dark here; nobody can see anything.
With daylight streaming in through the window, the room was plenty bright. Nevertheless, the doctor humored him.
NEUROLOGIST: I put the light on. Can you now see what I have here?
WALTER: Look, I don’t want to play games with you.
NEUROLOGIST: Fair enough. But can you describe how I look?
WALTER: Sure. You are a small, fat chap.
The doctor, who was actually tall and thin, understood that Walter wasn’t simply denying that he was blind. He actually didn’t realize it. Was he delirious? Was it early Alzheimer’s? Perhaps he needed to speak with a psychiatrist.
The neurologist could infer that there was a connection between Walter’s loss of sight and his delusion that everything was fine. Behavioral tests, however, would not be able to identify that connection. He would have to peer inside Walter’s brain. A CT scan of his head revealed that Walter had suffered a massive stroke, causing damage to both sides of his occipital lobe, which processes vision. That explained the blindness. But the CT showed something else: damage to the left parietal lobe. Among its many functions, the parietal lobe helps interpret sensory signals, especially visual ones. It compiles the basic visual information sent from the occipital lobe and integrates it to help construct a streamlined picture of the world. The parietal lobe is involved in monitoring how the visual system is working. But what if that monitoring function were impaired?
Walter was diagnosed with Anton’s syndrome, a rare disorder in which blind people don’t realize they are blind. Patients with Anton’s syndrome tend to make excuses for their perceptual mistakes, such as “I’m not wearing my glasses” or “There’s a lot of glare from the sun.” As one theory goes, this happens because there is a disconnect between the visual system and the brain regions that monitor it. As a result, the brain never gets the message that there’s a problem with vision. That’s why Walter didn’t realize he was blind.
But this story goes deeper still. Not only did Walter fail to admit his blindness, but he came up with an alternative explanation for his symptoms (“It’s so dark here”). Walter’s brain was faced with a confusing situation. On the one hand, the brain was having trouble perceiving the world. On the other hand, because of the stroke, the brain didn’t know that the visual system had been destroyed. What could explain a loss of sight in a person with an intact visual system? It must be dark in here. Faced with contradicting pieces of information, the brain came up with a story to reconcile them. And it was a pretty good one. You might even say that given the circumstances it was perfectly logical.
Deep within our subconscious, there is a system that quietly processes everything we see, hear, feel, and remember. Our brains are constantly bombarded by innumerable sensations streaming in as we interact with our surroundings. Like a movie editor who collects and organizes all the footage and audio to create meaningful stories, the underlying logical system in the brain assembles all of our thoughts and perceptions into a sensible narrative, a narrative that becomes our life experience and sense of self. This book is about that underlying logic and how it creates our conscious experience, whether in those suffering from the weirdest neurological illnesses or during our simplest day-to-day feelings and decisions.
Our objective will be similar to that of other books in the popular science and psychology domain: Can we discover the underlying reasons for the way we think and act? However, we will take a different approach. Many books you might have encountered on the brain rely on behavioral research that, while enlightening in its own right, often doesn’t look inside the brain to tell us where that behavior comes from. Suppose I give you a machine hidden inside a black box and ask you to figure out how it works. The catch, however, is that I don’t let you see what’s inside. All the gears and pulleys and levers are concealed within the dark encasing. How would you assess what the machine does? Without the ability to examine the underlying mechanics, all you can do is try using the machine in various ways and look for patterns. From there, you can infer how the machine works, but there would still be an element of conjecture. This is a real-world problem in fields like engineering and software development. Consider a software engineer who tries to decipher how a program works without having access to the underlying code. In what is called black box testing, the software designer enters a variety of inputs (such as pushing a button) and records the outputs (seeing what happens) to make educated guesses about how the system works, all without any knowledge of its actual internal structure or mechanics.
That approach is used today to study the human brain. For instance, in a popularized 2010 study, researchers from Harvard, Yale, and MIT had eighty-six volunteer subjects participate in a mock financial negotiation: bargaining down the price of a car with the sticker price of $16,500. One by one, each subject would sit in a chair facing an experimenter who was playing the part of the car salesman. But there was a catch: half the participants were seated in hard, wooden chairs, and the other half were treated to plush, cushioned ones. The result? Those given the hard chairs were the harder bargainers. They were more forceful in their negotiations and bargained the salesman down to a price that was on average $347 lower than that of the comfy chair group. Apparently, the added comfort of the cushioned chairs led the other group to agree to a higher price. Magazines, books, and other commentaries cited the study as yet another breakthrough in the new science of the unconscious. Take, for example, this response from a 2012 article in Ode magazine:
This “hard chair effect” is part of a torrent of new research that is unlocking the mysteries of the human unconscious and showing how its enormous powers can be harnessed . . . Over the past decade, neuroscientists and cognitive psychologists have been gradually decoding this unconscious operating system and can now tap into it to induce everything from cleanliness to cleverness in unwitting subjects.
The study tells me that there’s an association between chair comfort and the force of negotiation, but it doesn’t explain the cause of that interaction. What has been “decoded” here? How does the sensation of hardness affect decision making? What system is at work? What model have we discovered that can be applied and connected to other phenomena?
This study is an instance of black box testing. Just like the software designer, the experimenters never gain access to the underlying “code.” They observe a trend of inputs and outputs, but the crucial workings of the machine that generate that trend remain hidden.
In this book, we will explore questions about human consciousness by cracking open the black box of the brain and peering at its inner workings. In the process, we’ll discover that underlying many of the most mysterious phenomena of human experience, and even the simplest day-to-day decisions, there are distinct neurological circuits, uniting seemingly disconnected facets of our life experience with a single explanation.
The structure of this book is in the form of questions. I have a lot of questions. I am a grown-up version of that kid in the backseat of a minivan who asks his parents a question and then, upon hearing the answer, incessantly responds with “but why?” until he drives them to near insanity. In college, this tendency led me to study the art of asking questions: philosophy. Philosophy teaches us to ask questions with precision, to cut through the surface of an issue until you reach the core principle that explains it in all its aspects. As my education moved on from philosophy to neuroscience, to medicine, and eventually to their overlap in medical neurology, I tried to apply that same rigor to a new set of questions: How does decision making work? How do mental illnesses affect the way we think? How do we interact with our brains, and how do they make us who we are?
Our questions will lead us to the mysteries of perception, habit, learning, memory, language, and the very existence of our selfhood and identity. We’ll touch on everything from alien abductions, detecting fake smiles, and the real story of schizophrenia to sleepwalking murderers, the brains of sports fans, and the secret of ticklishness. We’ll open the black box and, as best we can, use the findings of neuroscience to trace those behaviors to the underlying brain mechanics from which they emerge. With each question we answer, new ones will arise. Every question and answer will build on the previous one as we inch closer to understanding the central questions facing modern neuroscience.
In this book, we will follow the workings of two systems in the brain, the conscious and the unconscious, investigating how they work in parallel and, more important, how they interact in order to create our life experience and preserve our sense of self. My hope is that by the time you finish this book, you’ll see that there are discrete patterns in the way that unconscious mechanisms in the brain guide our behavior. There is an underlying neuro-logic that drives our experience of the world. You might think of it like a piece of software. Our challenge is to decipher that logical system, not only by observing its inputs and outputs, but also by seeking out the brain systems that generate it. Cracking the code of our internal software has far-reaching implications for neurological and psychiatric research, for the study of human relationships and interactions, and for our understanding of ourselves.
So, where do we begin? In briefly mentioning Walter (note that throughout this book, I have changed the names of people I mention in order to protect the identity and privacy of patients), I said that he failed to detect his blindness because of a broken connection between his visual hardware and the brain systems that were supposed to monitor that hardware. But there may be another explanation as well. Though blind to the external world, patients with Anton’s syndrome can still visualize things in their minds. They haven’t been blind their entire lives, so they can still imagine visual images. Many researchers believe this to be the second reason why people with Anton’s syndrome don’t feel that they’re blind: they mistake their own imagined visual images for actual eyesight. So, when Walter said that his neurologist was a “small, fat chap,” it might not have been a simple guess. Perhaps that’s how Walter imagined him.
Walter was able to visualize images in his mind because he wasn’t always blind, but what if he had been? If a person were born blind, would she have any concept of what it is like to see? How would she “visualize” objects or people in her mind? What do the blind “see” in their dreams?
Most helpful customer reviews
38 of 41 people found the following review helpful.
A clear and well-written explanation of how the brain processes and mis-processes information
By Michael J. Edelman
You’ve probably seen a popular meme going around the internet that reads something like this:
“Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it dseno’t mtaetr in waht oerdr the ltteres in a wrod are, the olny iproamtnt tihng is taht the frsit and lsat ltteer be in the rghi t pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it whotuit a pboerlm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.”
Any competent reader should have no problem interpreting what it says. It illustrates a number of interesting things about the way we perceive the world around us, even if the claim that “the human mind doesn’t read every letter by itself, but the word as a whole” is flat out wrong.
When we perceive the world around us, we’re not actually taking in enough information to construct the full representation of that world that we see in our visual field. What we’re we’re doing is taking what we know about the world, and adding some of the information we take in, to construct the image of the world that we actually perceive. We use our knowledge of the world to predict what we will perceive, construct a model of that perception, and then use the information from our senses to update and refine that model.
In the case of reading, the context of what we’ve already read helps us refine the predictions we make about what word follows next. A good reader will then take in just enough clues from the next string off letters to refine that prediction. Imagine you were reading the following text:
“I took my dog for a walk in the p…”
By the time you saw the “p”, the world “park” would already be activated in your memory. In fact, if the actual word printed on the page was “pork” you’d probably read right past it, thinking it was “park.” Author Eliezer Sternberg uses this phenomenon of reading scrambled text to introduce how perception, sensation, and memory interact, and why it is that what we see and recall isn’t a precise and accurate representation of the external world.
We have all seen visual illusions that confuse our perceptual systems, or experienced instances in which two people have vastly different memories of an event at which they were both present, or in which we thought we recognized someone, but were mistaken.
For some people, these errors in perception and memory go much further. People who have part of their visual field damaged or missing often experience something known as Charles Bonnet syndrome, in which they hallucinate images in those parts of the visual field that are missing. They know that the images aren’t real, and yet they perceive them as being as real as anything else in their field of view. A few individuals suffer from the rarer Capgras’ Syndrome, in which the sufferer believes that family members, close friends, and even pets are seen as imposters.
In past times, sufferers of Charles Bonnet and Capers syndromes would have simply been diagnosed as delusional or psychotic. But newer research has shown that such conditions are actually due to specific types of damage to the brain that interfere with the processing of information.
In the case of Charles Bonnet Syndrome, the brain is filling in missing information from a damaged visual processing system by creating its own input from stored memory. In the case of Capgras, there is specific damage in the areas of the brain responsible for emotional response. Seeing someone who looks like one’s spouse but who does not elicit the expected emotional response leads to the reasonable conclusion that the person is an imposter.
What’s made it possible to tease out the specific neurological systems responsible for these, and other phenomena is a technique known as fMRI, or functional Magneto Resonance Imagery. Most readers are probably familiar with MRI, and may well have had an MRI scan to diagnose a medical problem. fMRI is a refinement in which certain metabolic processes can be observed, such as the BOLD, or Blood Oxygen Level Dependent signal which can show how much oxygen is being taken up by neurons in the brain. Since neurons that are more active require more oxygen, looking at the BOLD signal can give a relative measure of which parts of the brain are most active, and by having a subject perform some sort of task while monitoring the BOLD signal, researchers can hypothesize which parts of the brain are used in performing various mental processes.
Dr. Sternberg is a neurologist who has been deeply involved in fMRI research and has a thorough grasp of the science. He’s also a skilled writer who does a first-rate job of presenting what he knows about the brain to a non-specialist audience in a way that’s clear and informative without overly simplifying.
I read this book with the advantage of having done graduate work in neuroscience, and never had the impression that I was being presented anything that was dumbed down. At the same time, I would have no problem in recommending this book to an intelligent middle-school student with an interest in neuroscience. A first rate work from beginning to end.
16 of 18 people found the following review helpful.
Brain Foibles from Sleepwalking to Alien Abductions and Everything Inbetween
By Tamara Thorne
I really enjoyed this book on why the brain works the way it does. It's amusing and readable and not too technical for lay readers, yet is full of information and intelligently written. The author, a neuroscientist, knows how to explain without talking down to his audience.
The book covers all kinds of brain quirks and tricks in intriguingly-titled chapters. The first, "What do the Blind See when They Dream?" answered questions that I've wondered about since I was a kid. The following chapter, "Can Zombies Drive to Work?" gives us the lowdown on insomnia. In "Can Your Imagination Make You a Better Athlete?" we find out how "be the ball" really works. "Can We Remember Things that Never Happened?" talks about the mind's propensity to alter facts. "Why Do Schizophrenics Hear Voices," "Can Someone be Hypnotized to Commit Murder?" and "Why Can't Split Personalities Share Prescription Glasses?" are equally fascinating.
But my very favorite chapter is "Why Do People Believe in Alien Abductions?" It deals with sleep disorders including dream problems, sleep paralysis, Old Hag Syndrome, and sleep hallucinations - or as my mother called it, "seeing pictures." Like her, I am intimately familiar with hypnagogia - being sure you're awake and experiencing an intruder - human, bogey, or alien - and awareness of the sleep paralysis that is concurrent. (Happily, she taught me to take control very early in my life, using her own method which would later be called lucid dreaming.) From personal experience, I can tell you that Dr. Sternberg is dead on. I became particularly fascinated with the alien abduction stories after Whitley Strieber published Communion: A True Story and can truly understand why people think this - or the demonic "old hag" sitting on your chest - are completely real. Unless you learn how to pull out of that between-waking-and-sleeping state on your own, it's nearly impossible to see this experience as anything but physically genuine. Sternberg's explanation may help people with the problem understand, should they want to. This book, for the scientific explanation, and the classic book, Exploring the World of Lucid Dreaming and a month of practice, can solve most people's problems.
If you're interested in brain quirks or have a future psychiatrist or neuroscientist in your home, this is a fantastic book!
11 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
Advances the reader's understanding of how the physical brain influences what we believe, sense and experience
By A dad
I'm a bit new to the subject of neuroscience, having recently got hooked into it somehow. It's a fascinating subject and this book has excellent content.
I have a sense that there's no beginning or end to the subject, just topics. The topics covered reveal a lot about how we experience things based on the anatomy of our brains and changes that can occur to our brains.
Some examples include situations where the brain is deprived of oxygen, how deaf people hear others in their dreams, what blind people see in dreams, sleep paralysis, experiences of captivity and much, much more. The stories people tell about what happened to them invariably demonstrate phenomena that occurs physically in the brain and also our cultural experiences and beliefs.
An interesting one is the phenomenon of sleep paralysis, when in REM sleep one senses being physically paralyzed. It's common in our U.S. culture for a credible person to believe they were abducted by aliens, and in other cultures to believe things like having had a dead person on top. Explanations for this event vary across the globe, and they're all somewhat plausible in the context of the culture.
Sternberg advances one's thinking about why they have the dreams they do, why they interpret many events as they do, and how injuries or impairments change our perceptions. Knowing these things enriches our lives but is also ego-destroying. We learn that we can't have so much confidence in our memories, that many habits are a result of the brain being on autopilot and unaware of actual dangers and threats to health, and that any one or more parts of our brains can develop a problem that leads to dementia or other adverse condition.
We're fragile in ways we might not want to know.
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